Prime Numbers and the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence

Prime Numbers and the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence

Carl Pomerance, Bell Labs—Lucent Technologies

Apart from tabloid devotees, no one knows for sure if we human beings are alone in the universe as an intelligent species or if there are others, perhaps many others. Given the vast distances involved, it is reasonable to guess that if there is ever contact between humans and intelligent aliens, it will be through the radio spectrum. Fair enough, but how possibly might we actually transmit useful information to each other? English is becoming the “universal” language on our planet at this point, but it is ridiculous to assume that at first contact our alien correspondents would communicate with us in English, or any other Earth language.
The problem of accurate communication even between humans is quite daunting. Our history is marked with episodes of misunderstanding often caused by words or nuances that are misinterpreted. Despite the tragic loss of languages spoken by small and isolated groups of people, one might argue that it is a good thing that we are moving towards just a few principal languages.
We also have some experiences communicating with other species, such as our pets. A dog owner can sometimes tell from the tenor of a bark or a whimper what’s up with Fido. And sometimes Fido hears and obeys his owner’s command. We have also tried to teach apes to speak in sign language, with limited success, and we have tried to interpret the whistles and clicks of dolphins and other whales. While this research is exciting, we still have not found a Rosetta stone that allows for free communication across species. It may be that as technological beings, we just don’t have enough in common with other Earth species.

Which brings us again to possible extraterrestrial civilizations. Could there possibly be a message they could send us that we would be able to understand? Could we likewise send a message that an alien recipient could decipher? In 1960, a German/Dutch mathematician and philosopher, Hans Freudenthal, suggested a language heApart from tabloid devotees, no one knows for sure if we human beings are alone in the universe asan intelligent species or if there are others, perhaps many others.

Given the vast distances involved, it is reasonable to guess that if there is ever contact between humans and intelligent aliens, it will be through the radio spectrum. Fair enough, but how possibly might we actually transmit useful information to each other?
English is becoming the “universal” language on our planet at this point, but it is ridiculous to assume that at first contact our alien correspondents would communicate with us in English, or any other Earth language.

The problem of accurate communication even between humans is quite daunting. Our history is marked with episodes of misunderstanding often caused by words or nuances that are misinterpreted. Despite the tragic loss of languages spoken by small and isolated groups of people, one might argue that it is a good thing that we are moving towards just a few principal languages.



We also have some experiences communicating with other species, such as our pets. A dog owner can sometimes tell from the tenor of a bark or a whimper what’s up with Fido. And sometimes Fido hears and obeys his owner’s command. We have also tried to teach apes to speak in sign language, with limited success, and we have tried to interpret the whistles and clicks of dolphins and other whales. While this research is exciting, we still have not found a Rosetta stone that allows for free communication across species. It may be that as technological beings, we just don’t have enough in common with other Earth species.

Which brings us again to possible extraterrestrial civilizations. Could there possibly be a message they could send us that we would be able to understand? Could we likewise send a message that an alien recipient could decipher?
In 1960, a German/Dutch mathematician and philosopher, Hans Freudenthal, suggested a language he called Lincos to use for possible extraterrestrial communication. It was sort of a pidgin of Latin and logic with short words using the roman alphabet together with logical symbols.2 One could well argue that such a language is not transparent enough.

* 1 Some have argued for an adaptation of Esperanto as a more logical language that is easily learned, but it has yet to catch on in a meaningful way.
* 2 See http://www.geocities.com/monicavdv/informatie-hans/Lincos.html.


A decade later, the American astronomer Frank Drake came up with a brilliant scheme for extraterrestrial
communication involving prime numbers. To get an idea of this, say you were to receive a message of dotsand dashes:

−−•−−−•−•−•−−−•−•−•−−−•−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−••−••−−•−•−•

and to distinguish it from noise, after a short pause, it repeats, and then again, and again, and so on. The
repetitive nature would certainly be an eye opener. But what possibly could it mean?
You begin analyzing. The “message” has 55 symbols. Hmmm. The number 55 can be factored into primes
as 5 × 11 or 11 × 5. This suggests putting the symbols into a rectangular array. Lets try 11 × 5:

− − • − − − • − • − •
− − − • − • − • − − −
• − − − − − − − − − −
− − − − − − − − − − •
• − • • − − • − • − •

No, this does not seem to help, it still looks like random noise. Let’s try the other way, 5 × 11:

− − • − −
− • − • −
• − − − •
− • − • −
− − • − −
− − − − −
− − − − −
− − − − −
− − − • •
− • • − −
• − • − •

Wait, this no longer looks so random. Clearly there is some sort of diamond shape at the top. Could the aliens be baseball fans? Probably not, it is likely just a pleasing symbol to get our attention, But what is this strange staircase design at the bottom?
With just 55 pixels it is hard to communicate very much, but an inspired guess might be that the staircase design is counting in binary from 1 to 5. Think of a dot as a 1 and a dash as a 0, and read the bottoms of the 5 columns from left to right: 001, 010, 011, 100, 101. Yes, these are the base-two representations of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

It is easy to imagine that using a longer repetitive message, one might easily send more detailed images.
Even images of photographic quality. And by then sending different pictures, it is conceivable that one could transmit a movie in this way. Which one would you send? My favorite: Attack of the Killer Tomatoes. Well, maybe not, we don’t want to give the aliens any ideas.
The key thing is that each repetitive string should have length pq where p, q are primes, so there are at most two essentially different ways of putting the string into a rectangular array.
In the novel Contact by Carl Sagan, this is exactly the method that the aliens chose to communicate with us earthlings. Currently, SETI (Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence) is systematically searching for messages from outer space, enlisting the aid of people all over the world who have spare computer time.
They haven’t found anything too remarkable as yet, but in some sense we have only just begun our search. In the meantime, have we sent any such messages specifically for alien consumption? Yes, we have.

When the Arecibo radio telescope was inaugurated in Puerto Rico, one of its first jobs was to send a repetitive message into space.5 This message had length 1679, which factors as 23×73. Arranged the long way from top to bottom, the picture contains an amazing wealth of information: the numbers from 1 to 10, the atomic numbers of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorous (the principal elements on which most life on Earth is based), the formulas for sugars and bases in nucleotides of DNA, the number of nucleotides in DNA, a picture of a double helix of DNA, a picture of a person, the human population on Earth, the height of a human, a schematic showing our solar system with Earth in a distinguished position, a schematic of the radiotelescope at Arecibo, and the diameter of the telescope. Measures such as the telescope diameter and the height of a person were calibrated using the wavelength of the transmission of the message, namely 12.6 centimeters. Perhaps a bit crowded to my taste, but it was merely a demonstration of an idea.
The Arecibo message was beamed to the globular cluster M13 which is about 25,000 light years away. Maybe in 50,000 years we will get a reply!

It is interesting that prime numbers would have an application that makes communication transparently simple. Especially so, since many cryptographic systems, designed to hide messages from unauthorized recipients, are also based on prime numbers. And it was not so long ago that prime numbers were merely the province of the curious, with no discernible applications at all. What are the chances that there is an alien species in existence close enough for us to contact? Of course this question is very difficult to answer. Those who think there are other civilizations out there point to the enormous number of stars in the universe. Even if only 1/10 of them have planetary systems, and even if only 1/10 of these have a planet such as Earth that can support life as we know it, and even if only 1/10 of these actually have spawned life, and even if only 1/10 of these have life that has evolved into intelligent creatures, that still leaves a tremendous number of intelligent aliens out there. On the minus side, we might
argue that human civilization has only existed for a very brief time on a cosmic scale, and the technological aspect of our civilization only for a few hundred years at most. Moreover, there are indications that we will not be around very long! We use our technology to foul our own planet and make it less habitable, maybe even uninhabitable. Even though we have clear archaeological and historical records of earlier human civilizations that vanished because of climate changes, we continue to burn fossil fuels as if there were no tomorrow, literally. And when the most advanced and richest country, which produces the most pollutants, is called on the question, its leaders claim that it would hurt our economy to significantly cut back on emissions, and this greenhouse thing really hasn’t been proved anyway. So, if one were to extrapolate to
alien civilizations in outer space, one might conceivably guess that if they are at all like us, they won’t be around very long either. So, while there may have been many intelligent civilizations, the chance that one exists at the same brief time as ours, and also within shouting distance, may be very slim indeed. Nevertheless it is fun to contemplate such contact. And the exercise may help us to be a bit more introspective and responsible as stewards of our own lovely planet.

For further reading on prime numbers:
R. Crandall and C. Pomerance, Prime numbers: a computational perspective, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001.
For further reading on the liklihood of extraterrestrial civilizations, and how we might detect and communicate with them:
A. G. W. Cameron, Editor, Interstellar communication, Benjamin, New York, 1963.
S. A. Kaplan, Editor, Extraterrestrial civilizations; problems of interstellar communication, (translated from the Russian edition of 1969), Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1971.
C. Sagan and F. Drake, The search for extraterrestrial intelligence, Scientific American, May, 1975, pp. 80–89.
I. S. Shklovskii and C. Sagan, Intelligent life in the universe, Emerson-Adams Press, 1998.
W. Sullivan, We are not alone: the continuing search for extraterrestrial intelligence, Plume, 1994.
S. Webb, If the universe is teeming with aliens . . . where is everybody? Fifty solutions to the Fermi Paradox and the problem of extraterrestrial life, Copernicus, New York, 2002.
Finally, a link to the Seti Institute: http://www.seti-inst.edu/.

called Lincos to use for possible extraterrestrial communication. It was sort of a pidgin of Latin and logic with short words using the roman alphabet together with logical symbols.2 One could well argue that such a language is not transparent enough.

Hoofed winged Aliens in Florida

Hoofed winged Aliens witnessed in North Port Florida
These beings sound similar to the famous Witch of Monterrey, which i myself witnessed in Barcelona flying above the San Andreu cemetery about 50 meters above me in broad daylight. The being had black tattered wings and was gliding through the air. This wotness laid a plaster of paris footprint trap to collect evidence, which resulted in what apparently indicates the Aliens to have cloven feet/hooves.

Disclose.tv Original Report Aliens North Port Florida Video

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Google's UFO crop circle doodle logo

Why did google use a ufo making crop circles as it's "doodle" logo in the beginning of September?
Why did clicking on it lead to the search results page for Crop Circles? was this an omen of coming events? a Joke? or some part of a Government Secret disinformation plan? Whas it mere conincidence, or google's choice of the month?
Who knows, but it sure is strange that google chose such a topic for their doodle design and search term.
Is it part of the plan to prepare us for coming events?

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Vimanas - Ancient UFOs?

According to Ancient Indian Beliefs, Aircraft Technology was recieved by Maharshi Bharadwaj from Prajapati.

Maharishi Bharadwaj wrote a book "Vyamanik Siddhanta" was a part of "Yantra Sarvasva" containing description of 25 ancient Indian aircrafts like - Rukma, Shakun, Sundar, Pushpak etc...

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Ufo Evidence

Sit back and watch hours and hours of UFO and alien presence evidence documentaries in one mega playlist. The list starts with "Out of the Blue" the whole series, then a few short fascinating clips, followed by ECETI orbs, more clips of various ufo and ET related evidence, followed with "the Disclosure Project"s, press conference from 2008, and concluded with a host more miscellaneous clips of various et and ufo related material. Hours and hours of fascinating and convincing video evidence.

Alien Cylinder sprays in flight

Is this man made or Alien?

Aldebaran Mystery

The Aldebaran Mystery:
The Nazi/ET UFO Connection by Jim Nichols Feb 10, 2008


Dr. Hermann Oberth who pioneered rocket design for the German Reich during World War II and later advanced rocket technology for the American manned space launches, cryptically stated: "We cannot take the credit for our record advancement in certain scientific fields alone; we have been helped." When asked by whom, he replied: "The people of other worlds."Initiates of both the Thule and Vril societies were determined to develop an 'alternative science' and 'alternative technologies' based on principles possessed by the great 'lost' civilization of Atlantis; a "spiritual "dynamo−technology" superior to the mechanistic notions of modern science". Thus to rediscover this source of universal free energy and make it readily available as a benefit to themodern world became their goal.According to the legend of the German Vril society, a fateful meeting was held in 1919 at an old hunting lodge near Berchtesgaden, where Maria Orsic presented to a small group assembled from the Thule, Vril and Black Sun Societies, telepathic messages she claimed to have received from an extraterrestrial civilization existing in the distant Aldebaran solar system, sixty eight light years away, in the Constellation of Taurus.
One set of Maria's channeled transmissions was found to be in a secret German Templar script unknown to her.
A second series of transmissions appeared to be written in an ancient eastern language, which Babylonian scholars associated with the Thule group, recognized as ancient Sumerian.
Maria Orsic along with Sigrun, another of the Vril Society's female mediums, began the task of translating these transmissions and discovered they contained instructions for building a
circular flight machine. It should be important to consider the possible motivation behind the Aldebaran civilization's offer to assist the Vril Group and Germany. Researcher Wendelle Stevens tells us that, rather than a militant gesture of aid to aggressive Nazis, the Aldebarans perceived an economic disparity in Earth cultures that fueled perpetual wars and conflict.
To alleviate this disparity the Aldebarans reasoned that by offering 'free−energy' technologies, used to create affordable mass transportation devices, a new innovative generation of industries, promoting prosperity and greater peaceful interaction between nations migh result;thus diminishing violent wars.Dr W. O. Schumman and his associates from the University of Munich realized the channeling actually contained viable physics, and over the ensuing years construction was initiated to make this flying machine a reality. By 1922 development of a working prototype was underway. By 1934, the first manned test flight of the RFZ1 took place.
Before the end of that year a much improved version, the five meter RFZ2, was test flown successfully and eventually flying disc development was taken over by Division SS EIV of the
Nazi military. The fundamental physics were as simple as a child's spinning gyroscope circular discs spun in counter-rotation create an anti-gravity effect...



By 1941, the successful Vril−2 levitation craft was employed for transatlantic reconnaissance flights. Th e RFZ-2 craft employed the "Schumman-Levitator" drive for vertical lift and when activated, the craft displayed effects commonly described in many UFO accounts; blurring of visible contours, and luminous ionization colors relative to the craft's engine acceleration; varying from orange to green, blue to white. As well, the craft made radical90 degree turns characteristic of UFO flight.Following the success of the RFZ-2, a single pilot combat mod el was designed. The advanced Vril-1 Fighter was capable of 12000 km/h with full speed right angle turns with no adverse G-effects on the pilot. Since the craft flew in a self-contained envelope of its own gravitational field , the pilot experienced no sense of motion or inertia.Subsequent levitation -craft advances between 1941 and 1944 spawned the "Haunebu" series, the 'heavy hitters' of Reich's saucer fleet Development of powerful tachyon magneto gravitic drives "Thule-Tachyonators" (speculated to be large spheres of vertically rotating mercury) allowed design of foot diameter armored saucer ships equipped with armaments such as Panzer tank cannon turrets mounted to the underside.
Other craft were equipped with klystron laser cannons.By Christmas of 1943, medium Maria Orsic of the Vril Gesellschaft, claimed that subsequent transmissions from Aldebaran revealed there were two habitable planets orbiting that star and that the ancient Mesopotamian civilization of Sumeria was linked to earlier colonies of Aldearan explorers.
The seers discovered that the Aldebaran written language was identical to that of the Sumerians and was phonetically similar to that of spoken German.It was also revealed that a 'dimension channel' or 'worm-hole' existed connecting our two solar systems. Thus in January of 1944, possibly aware that Germany's war efforts were faltering Hitler and Himmler authorized an audacious plan to send a Vril-7 saucer ship into the dimensional channel, perhaps to s ecure assistance from the Aldebaran civilization.
The venture resulted in near disaster, the Vril returned with its hull reportedly aged as if it had been flying for a hundred years and its surface damaged in several places.
In 1944, a massive bombing raid was launched against the critical ball bea ring plant at Schweinfurt. Within a matter of hours a squadron of ten to fifteen Nazi discs managed to shoot down as many as one hundred and fifty British and American bombers
one quarter of the entire bomber contingent. Still, facing overwhelming odds the crumbling Reich lacked sufficient saucer squadrons to turn the tide.
Hans Kammler, a protoge' of Heinrich Himmler, had earned a reputation with his skills for rapid development and implementation of underground manufacturing facilities, and vast mobilization of slave labor consignments from concentration camps. By Kammler had secure d control over all top secret SS projects that were missile or 'aircraft' related. Certainly, Vril projects would have been one of his foremost priori ties. Kammler easily bore the qualifications to mastermind construction of 'special projects' facilities at the South Pole. And as of April 17, 1945, Kammler disappeared from Germany, presumably escaping capture aboard a lumbering, six engine Junkers 390 cargo plane bound for an unknown destination.
A massive 250−foot diameter Haunebu III dreadnaught armed with four, tripl e−gun, heavy caliber naval turrets and capable of space flight was allegedl y completed by April of 1945.Just one month prior to the Haunebu III's comp letion a cryptic message was sent by Maria Orsic to all members of the Vril Society, simply stating:"None are staying here." The psychic medium Maria was never heard from again, perhaps having escaped like Kammler, to South America, the Antarctic, or possibly even Aldebaran! Admiral Richard E. Byrd & Sec Of Defense James Forrestal Coordinated "Operation High Jump" (1947)By inevitably seizing the rocket facilities and personnel at Peenemunde, the advancing Allied Army leadership was only too well aware of how dangerously advanced German technology had become. Despite the Third Reich's unconditional surrender in a potential Nazi threat still haunted Allied i ntelligence. Had the German High Command sacrificed its European operation to buy time for installation of a 'fall-back' position in the Antarctic capable of launching future retaliations from its South Polar redoubt? Posts cript to this legend is the account of "Operation High-Jump".In January of 1947, an American military task force, "Operation High-Jump," complete with thirteen ships including, an aircraft carrier, seaplanes, helicopters and 4000 combat troops was dispatched to the Antarctic under the command of Admiral Richard E. Byrd for the stated purpose of 'mapping' the coastline. This task force was provisioned for an eight month polar stay, but after eight weeks and an undisclosed loss of planes and personnel, Byrd withdrew his forces.Rumor was Byrd encountered overwhelming hostile action, he described as "fighters that are able to fly from one pole to another with incredible speed " He also intimated that he had in fact engaged a German contingent being assisted as well by an 'advanced civilization' with formidable technologies Whatever occurred with Byrd's expedition at the South Pole remains shrouded in mystery since all reports, including Byrd's personal log entries, remain classified.
In then Secretary of Defense Forrestal was sequestered and sent to convalesce for a nervous breakdown at Bethesda Naval Hospital. However after allegedly ranting to hospital staff about the Antarctic, UFOs and an underground Nazi city, Forrestal was denied all visit ors and shortly thereafter, died in a fall from his hospital room window. His death was labeled a 'suicide'.

Roswell UFO Disclosure part 1&2

Roswell UFO Disclosure: Col. Corso Pt.1

The late Colonel Philip J. Corso, a member of President Eisenhower's National Security Council and former head of the Foreign Technology Desk at the U.S. Army's Research & Development department, came forward to reveal his personal stewardship of alien artifacts from the Roswell crash. In his book, The Day After Roswell, he told how he spearheaded the Army's reverse-engineering project that led to today's: integrated circuit chips, fiber optics, and lasers and how he helped to "seed" the Roswell alien technology to giants of American industry.
In a rebroadcast from 7/23/97, Art Bell was joined by Col. Phillip Corso and Dr. John Alexander discussing alien artifacts gleaned from the Roswell incident. Corso said in 1961 he was given a file cabinet from his superior General Trudeau which contained material recovered from ET craft. He was instructed to use these items for "utilization and exploitation," farming the objects out to various companies such as Bell Labs to reverse engineer and further develop. Among the technologies he said arose from this were: night vision, fiber optics, food irradiation, integrated circuits, and lasers.

Roswell UFO Disclosure: Col. Corso Pt.2

UFO and Abduction incidents list

Some important UFO and Abduction cases on record to date - updates and new additions forthcoming constantly

1897-04-19 Aurora Texas UFO Incident Aurora, Texas United States An alleged UFO crash and burial of alien pilot, possibly explained as a hoax.
1908-06-30 Tunguska event Podkamennaya Tunguska River Russia Large explosion, probably of a comet or meteoroid, sometimes explained as an explosion of an UFO ]
1926 Unknown, possibly China (the Himalayas) Nicholas Roerich's travel diary mentions that he and his companions encountered a silver metallic disc hovering above the Himalayas. They observed the disc through binoculars for some time until it disappeared beyond mountain peaks.
1940s Foo fighter Small metallic spheres and colorful balls of light repeatedly spotted, and on occasion photographed, by military air crews around the world during World War II.
1942 Hopeh Incident Hopeh China A UFO was spotted and photographed.
1942-02-24 Battle of Los Angeles Los Angeles, California United States Unidentified aerial objects trigger the military to fire thousands of anti-aircraft rounds into the sky and raise the wartime alert status.

1946 Ghost rockets Objects were sighted repeatedly over Scandinavia; Swedish Defense Staff expressed concern.
1946-05-18 UFO-Memorial Ängelholm Ängelholm Municipality Sweden Gösta Karlsson reports seeing a UFO landing and alien beings. A model of a flying saucer is now erected at the site.
1947-06-14 Roswell UFO incident Roswell, New Mexico United States United States Army Air Forces allegedly captures a flying saucer.
1947-06-21 Maury Island incident Washington United States Harold A. Dahl reported an incident in which he claimed that his dog was killed and his son was injured by UFOs, and that a witness was threatened by Men in Black.
1947-06-24 Kenneth Arnold Washington United States The UFO sighting that sparked the name flying saucers. 1948 Green fireballs Objects reported over several United States military bases; an official investigation followed.
1948 Kapustin Yar A "cigar" shaped UFO was supposedly shot down by a Russian MiG.
1948-01-07 Mantell UFO Incident Kentucky United States US Air Force sent a fighter pilot to investigate a UFO sighting over Fort Knox, Kentucky; the pilot was killed while pursuing the UFO.
1948-10-01 Gorman Dogfight North Dakota United States A US Air Force pilot sighted and pursued a UFO for 27 minutes over Fargo, North Dakota.

1950 Mariana UFO Incident Great Falls, Montana United States The manager of Great Falls' pro baseball team took color film of two UFOs flying over Great Falls. The film was extensively analyzed by the US Air Force and independent investigators.
1951-08-25 Lubbock Lights Lubbock, Texas United States Lights were repeatedly spotted flying over the city. They were witnessed by science professors from Texas Tech University and photographed by a Texas Tech student.

1952-07-13 1952 Washington D.C. UFO incident Washington, D.C. United States A series of sightings in July 1952 accompanied radar/visual contacts at three separate airports in the Washington area. The sightings made front-page headlines around the nation, and ultimately lead to the formation of the Robertson Panel by the CIA.
1952-07-24 Carson Sink UFO incident Nevada United States Two pilots saw three unusual aircraft, flying in a V-formation and with a Delta-wing airfoil, over Carson Sink.
1952-09-12 Flatwoods monster Flatwoods, West Virginia United States 6 local boys and a local woman reported sighting a UFO landing and later discovered a bizarre-looking creature near the site.
June, 1953 Otis AFB Falmouth, Massachusetts United States A man claims that a U.S Air Force radar operator and pilot bailed out over Otis Air Force Base because of engine failure. They were chasing a UFO. Plane and operator never seen again. Pilot lives and the canopy is the only thing recovered.
1953-08-12 Ellsworth UFO Case Bismarck, North Dakota United States A UFO appearing as a red glowing light is witnessed by forty-five people. The sighting takes place over a two night period.
1953-11-23 Felix Moncla Lake Superior United States - Canada U.S Air Force Pilot disappears while pursuing a UFO.
1955-08-21 Kelly-Hopkinsville encounter Kentucky United States A group of strange, goblin-like creatures bullied a family, while the family shot at them.
1957 Antonio Villas Boas São Francisco de Sales Brazil Antonio Villas Boas claimed to have been abducted and examined by aliens. He also claimed to have had sex with an alien woman during his time aboard a UFO.
1957-05-20 Milton Torres East Anglia United Kingdom US Air Force fighter pilot Milton Torres reports that he was ordered to interecept and fire on a UFO displaying "very unusual flight patterns" over East Anglia. Ground radar operators had tracked the object for some time before Torres' plane was scrambled to intercept. 1 [30]
1957-11-02 Levelland UFO Case Levelland, Texas United States Numerous motorists reported seeing a strange, glowing, egg-shaped object which caused their vehicle's engines to shut off. When the object flew away, their vehicles restarted and worked normally.
1959 Dyatlov Pass Accident Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Mysterious deaths of experienced skiers in the Urals is believed to have been caused by "unidentified orange spheres" and an "unknown compelling force".
1959 Alor Incident Alor Archipelago Indonesia This incident occurred on July 1959, in the Alor Islands area.
1961-02-17 Europe NATO radar stations detected 50 objects coming from the Soviet Union, flying at high speed over Europe. Coming at the height of the Cold War, they feared the outbreak of World War III, but the objects vanished after 9 minutes. A Potsdam astronomer possibly observed the transit of an object over the sun's disc at the time.
1961-09-19 Betty and Barney Hill abduction New Hampshire United States A widely publicized alien abduction experience.
1961-11-10 Vukovar Croatia A UFO with flickering lights appeared. An increase in static electricity was observed.
1964-04-24 Lonnie Zamora Socorro, New Mexico United States Zamora, a police officer, reports a close encounter.
1965 Exeter incident Exeter, New Hampshire United States A UFO was observed by a teenager and two police officers.
1965 Project Serpo United States A reported secret exchange program between the U.S government and an extraterrestrial race from Planet Serpo.
1965-12-01 Adhara Observatory UFO Lunar Transit Buenos Aires Argentina The Adhara Observatory took photographs of the moon after the public reported something unusual on the moon. Some of these pictures show disk shaped objects. Afterwards three luminous strange objects flew over La Plata.
1965-12-09 Kecksburg UFO incident Kecksburg, Pennsylvania United States Mass sighting of a falling UFO, followed by an alleged cordoning-off of the crash site.
1966 The Mothman Prophecies Point Pleasant, West Virginia United States A wave of sightings of a winged humanoid is reported to be connected to other mysterious events including sightings of UFOs.
1966-04-06 Westall UFO Clayton South, Victoria Australia A sighting by hundreds of people. Witnesses of "The Clayton Incident" still gather for reunions. 1 [39]
1966-04-17 Portage County UFO chase Ohio United States Several police officers pursue a UFO for 30 minutes.
1967-05-20 Falcon Lake Incident Falcon Lake, Manitoba Canada A UFO's exhaust allegedly burns a man.
1967-08-29 Close encounter of Cussac Cussac, Cantal France A young brother and sister claim to have witnessed a UFO and its occupants.
1967-10-04 Shag Harbour incident Shag Harbour, Nova Scotia Canada A UFO was seen crashing into Shag Harbor. A Canadian naval search followed, and is officially referred to as a UFO crash.
1967-12-03 Schirmer Abduction Ashland, Nebraska United States Sergeant Herbert Schirmer claimed he was abducted.
1969-01-01 Prince George, British Columbia Canada Three unrelated witnesses reported a strange, round object in the late afternoon sky. The sphere radiated a yellow-orange light and appeared to ascend from 2,000 feet (610 m) to 10,000 feet (3,000 m).
1969 Jimmy Carter UFO incident Leary, Georgia United States Jimmy Carter's sighting.
1970s Barry DeLong UFO incident Somerset County, Maine United States Sheriff Barry A. DeLong witnessed a UFO: "They were hovering about 15 feet (4.6 m) from my cruiser, late at night. It had fixed lights that were spinning. It was huge, and oval-shaped. I knew it wasn't a jet fighter. It slowly started backing off toward Sugarloaf, and then at a terrific speed."
1973-10-11 Pascagoula Abduction Mississippi United States Alien abduction occurs while the victims were fishing on the Pascagoula River.
1974-01-23 Berwyn Mountain UFO incident Llandrillo, Merionethshire, North Wales United Kingdom An alleged UFO crash. Some claim that the event was actually the result of an earthquake.
1975-01-12 North Hudson Park UFO sightings North Bergen, NJ United States Considered a close encounter of the second and third kind, the case introduced Budd Hopkins to UFO research, a later key figure in alien abduction research. Researcher Jerome Clark cites it as one of the best-documented, the core story being corroborated by numerous independent witnesses.
1975-11-05 Travis Walton Arizona United States Logger Travis Walton reports being abducted by aliens following his five-day disappearance. Walton's six workmates claimed to have witnessed the UFO at the start of his abduction. Walton described the event and its aftermath in The Walton Experience, which was dramatized in the film Fire in the Sky.
1976-06-22 1976 Canary Island UFO sighting (Several) Canary Islands Several lights and a spherical, transparent blue craft, piloted by two beings was reported.
1976-09-19 1976 Tehran UFO incident Tehran Iran A UFO disabled the electronic equipment of two F-4 interceptor aircraft, and ground control equipment as well. The event is well-documented in the U.S. DIA report and other documents. The Iranian generals involved in the incident said on public record that object was extraterrestrial.
1977 Colares UFO flap Colares Brazil A bewildering account of an island which was flooded by harmful UFOs.
1978-05-10 Emilcin Abduction Emilcin Poland A man at Emilcin, Poland is said to be abducted by "grays." There is now a memorial at the site.
1978-06-19 Frank Johnson Oxfordshire, England United Kingdom While driving, a family is intercepted by a UFO. The family later wrote a book (The Janos People (book)) about the incident.
1978-10-21 Valentich Disappearance Victoria Australia An Australian pilot reported a UFO sighting to air traffic control before he and his aircraft vanished without a trace.
1978-12-21 Kaikoura lights South Island New Zealand A series of sightings by a Safe Air freight plane; the airplane was escorted by strange lights that changed color and size.
1979-08-27 Val Johnson Incident Marshall County, Minnesota United States A deputy sheriff spotted a strange bright light which appeared to have collided with his patrol car and damaged it. The deputy also suffered temporary eye damage from the "light".
1979-11-09 Robert Taylor incident Livingston Scotland A forester, Bob Taylor, was pulled by two spiked globes towards a UFO, which stood on a clearing. He lost consciousness and afterwards had trouble walking and speaking and felt thirsty for days. At the clearing several traces were found.
1979-11-11 Manises UFO Incident Valencia Spain Three large UFOs forced a commercial flight to make an emergency landing at Manises airport.
1980s Hudson Valley UFO sightings Hudson Valley United States A UFO flap during the eighties and early nineties, involving thousands of reports of similarly-shaped UFOs. They were first observed by a retired policeman in Kent, New York, late on New Year's Eve, 1981. The 1984 "Incident at Indian Point" was one of these sightings.
1980 Rendlesham Forest Incident Suffolk, England United Kingdom A sighting which was first thought to be a downed aircraft.

1980-12-29 Cash-Landrum incident Dayton, Texas United States A huge diamond-shaped UFO irradiates three witnesses, who were treated for radiation poisoning. The UFO was in the company of military helicopters and the victims have since sued the US Government.
May 1981 Salyut 6 orbital station Earthbound orbit Cosmonauts Vladimir Kovalyonok and Viktor Savinykh supposedly established contact with a UFO while working at the Salyut 6. 1 [citation needed]
1981-01-08 Trans-en-Provence Case Trans-en-Provence, Var France A UFO-landing which left traces.
1985 Tbilisi-sighting In January, 1985, Soviet commercial airline crew and passengers observed a strange light during a flight from Tbilisi in Georgia to Tallinn in Estonia.
1985-12-26 Whitley Strieber Toronto and New York state A paranormal writer and alleged abductee, Strieber described his experiences in his national best-seller novel Communion. He later retracted his statements in a 1996 Larry King interview. He currently hosts a nighttime radio show Dreamland.
1986 1986 Brazilian UFO flotilla Brazil More than 20 UFOs are seen and detected by radar in various parts of the Brazil. Colonel Ozires Silva, former president of Embraer Petrobras, pursues the UFOs in a Xingu PT-MBZ aircraft. He later declares that “The lights were primary targets in the radar, positive targets, a concrete thing”. Two Northrop F-5 and three Mirage III are sent to intercept the UFOs, but the objects disappeared from sight and radar detection. Afterwards the Minister of Aeronautics, Brigadier Otávio Júlio Moreira Lima, publicly declared: "Between 20:00 (19/05) and 01:00 (20/05) at least 21 objects have been detected by Brazilian radars. [...] We can only give technical explanations and we do not have them. [...] It’s fantastic, the radar signals were very clear."
1986-01-29 Height 611 UFO Incident Dalnegorsk, Primorsky Krai USSR An alleged UFO crash, followed by an alleged UFO landing in 1989. 1 [citation needed]
1986-11-17 Japan Air Lines flight 1628 incident Alaska United States A group of UFOs flew alongside Japan Air Lines Flight 1628 for 50 minutes above Northeastern Alaska. One of the objects trailing behind the Boeing 747 was detected by military radar.
1987-11-11 Gulf Breeze UFO incident Gulf Breeze, Florida United States A UFO wave started late 1987 over this town in western Florida. A fair number of these sightings, though by no means all, are attributed to Ed Walters, whose claims are now doubted.
1988-12-26 Villa Urquiza, Buenos Aires Argentina A silver UFO flew over this high density area in the city of Buenos Aires. It is maybe the most spectacular UFO incident of Argentina, with more than 7,500 witnesses. The local airport reported an object flying towards General Paz Ave. seen on the radars on that sunny afternoon.
1990-03-30 Belgian UFO wave Ans, Wallonia Belgium Mass sighting of large, silent, low-flying black triangles, which were tracked by multiple NATO radar and jet interceptors, and investigated by Belgium's military. Photographic evidence exists.
1990-11-07 1990 Montreal UFO Montreal, Quebec Canada For more than 3 hours, more than 40 people, including policemen, observe a UFO above a downtown hotel.
1990 / 1992-07-08 Sassowo explosions Sassowo Russia Two mysterious explosions, equivalent to 25 tons high explosive.

1991-04-21 Achille Zaghetti London, England United Kingdom Alitalia pilot Achille Zaghetti reports a cigar-shaped UFO flying past his plane at high speed during his descent to Heathrow Airport on a flight from Milan to London. Immediately following the near-miss, Zaghetti contacted the area control center radar operator who confirmed an unidentified target was observed 10 nautical miles behind the plane. British defence officials ruled out a missile, but offered no explanation for the sighting.
1991 STS-48 incident Orbit, Space Discovery, STS-48 A video apparently shot during STS-48 mission, appears to depict objects flying in an artificial fashion. NASA explained the objects as ice particles reacting to engine jets. Philip C. Plait briefly discussed it in Bad Astronomy, and agreed with NASA. A Florida Today article of 2000 quoted Dr. Jack Kasher as saying that found the footage to depict independently operated spacecraft, see "Journal for UFO Studies". 1 [70] [71]
1992 Steven M. Greer Alton Barnes, Wiltshire, England United Kingdom While at a Woodborough Hill farm, a CSETI team experiences a close encounter with a "100-foot in diameter" UFO.
1993 Steven M. Greer Mexico Near Popocatépetl volcano, on the road towards Indian village Atlimayaya, (Atlixco and Metepec region, Mexico) a CSETI team experienced a close encounter with a triangular UFO and "extremely luminous and white" extraterrestrials within it.
1993 Kelly Cahill Victoria Australia East of Melbourne's Dandenong foothills Kelly Cahill and five others were confronted by a flying saucer shortly after midnight, besides tall, slim, black aliens with glowing red eyes. A number of scientific organisations performed subsequent tests of the area and found significant anomalies in soil and vegetation samples.
1994-12-14 Trumbull Ohio Disturbance Vienna, Ohio USA Many citizens and at least 15 local police officers near Youngstown, Ohio, observed and pursued large, low-flying multicolored UFOs during the early hours of 12/14/1994. Citizens and police went on record giving testimonials on the 1999 NBC special "Confirmation". Publicly available 9-1-1 communications detail the event and officers' behavior. Local Air Force reps denounced local authorities saying the police were chasing Mercury for 7 hours at high speed. FAA also denied any anomalies. Local Youngstown media acknowledged the incident's importance, but refused coverage, reportedly out of fear. Gross abuse of media and military influence is claimed, which deliberately concealed the event. The principal investigator was Kenny Young of Cincinnati, OH.
1994 Meng Zhaoguo Incident Wuchang China Meng claimed to have had sexual intercourse with an alien, and to have been subsequently abducted.
1996-01-20 Varginha UFO incident Varginha, Minas Gerais Brazil Multiple sightings and alleged capture of alien entity by the Brazilian military.
1997 Area 51: The Alien Interview Area 51, Nevada United States Video footage of an alleged interview with an alien.
1997-03-13 Phoenix Lights Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico United States A strange set of lights are seen over Nevada, Arizona and possibly New Mexico.
1997-08-06 Mexico City skyline UFO Mexico City Mexico An amateur cameraman with a digital camera captured astounding footage of a UFO passing behind and above several buildings. Air traffic was restricted that day except for two helicopters.

21st century

2000 Eastern Afghanistan UFOs Middle East Residents of nw. Pakistan and e. Afghanistan claimed to have seen strange lights in the sky. The then-ruling Taliban regime suspected a US attacked on Al-Qaeda training camps, or Pakistani missile tests, which were denied by the respective countries. The suspicion was discounted as the lights were seen heading back towards the sky. The lights however returned after two weeks.
2004-03-05 2004 Mexican UFO Incident Mexico A drug-smuggling air patrol recorded on infrared camera what some claimed to be UFOs. The footage was released by Jaime Maussan. Others suggest the objects are oil platform burn-off flares.
2004-10-27 Woodside, Queens United States Five flying saucers appeared and were observed by people throughout the Queens and Manhattan area. They disappeared one by one.
2005-04-27 Washington, D.C. United States The White House was evacuated when a UFO entered restricted air space, then disappeared. It was explained as: "probably a cloud or several birds."
2006-05-25 Kent, England United Kingdom An oval orb was observed hovering above a location in Kent. It then moved off in a westerly direction. 1 [citation needed]
2006-06-24 Vatican City A Polish tourist photographed a UFO hovering near the Vatican Basilica's cuppola.
2006-08-17 Nanjing China A UFO was recorded hovering over an apartment building.
2006-08-21 Ajax, Ontario Canada A UFO was photographed 8-10 kilometers west of the Pickering Nuclear Power Plant.
2006-10-23 North Carolina United States An object was sighted traveling northeast at night until, as it was claimed, it expelled a blue ring and split in two. The first piece continued to fly northeast, while the latter ricocheted in the opposite direction, and disappeared from view. The first part was seen to have light on its back, and shaped like a small blimp.
2006-11-07 Chicago O'Hare UFO sighting 2006 Chicago, Illinois United States United Airlines employees and pilots claimed to have seen a saucer-shaped, unlit craft hover over a Chicago O'Hare Airport terminal, before shooting up vertically. The FAA initially denied having received reports, but information gained by means of the Freedom of Information Act revealed otherwise.
2007-01-20 Poland Seventeen or eighteen UFOs were spotted. 1 [citation needed]
2007-02-02 Islington, London, England United Kingdom Ten to fifteen UFOs are spotted. 1
2007-02-16 Kaliningrad Russia A student records a UFO on his video camera. 1
2007-03-03 New Delhi India A green fireball was seen over Delhi by ten pilots.
2007-03-07 New Delhi India Two UFOs were detected near the prime minister's residence.
2007-03-10 Cleveland, Ohio United States UFO seen over a peace rally.
2007-04-23 Channel Islands Two airline pilots on separate flights spot UFOs off the coast of Alderney.
2007-05-02 Sutton, England United Kingdom John Gregory spotted a UFO after 10 pm. As he was observing the sky he noticed a very bright object, which at first he considered to be a star. Later he began to doubt this, and was very surprised by the very unusual and clear phenomenon, which was visible for miles around. The image, which seemed to be shaped like a face, nose and mouth, remained for about 20 minutes and then just vanished.
2007-05-11 Massillon, Ohio United States At 10:40 pm, Rosemary Lyons and a co-worker were taking a smoke break outside the Loyal Order of Moose Lodge, located at 2935 Lincoln Way West, when they witnessed a UFO. They estimated its size as 60 feet (18 m) in diameter. Lyons: "The first thing I said was 'Oh my gosh. Look at that,' We saw it for 20 to 25 seconds. It was round and luminous underneath. It wasn't a plane, it wasn't a helicopter, it wasn’t a blimp and it wasn't a balloon. It made absolutely no sound. It was flying over just carefree – like it was no one's business."
2007-05-12 Bangor, County Down, Northern Ireland United Kingdom Orange colored UFOs were spotted during the evening. Clifford Rossbottom said, "There were three orange globes, nearly in a straight line, ... an absolutely fascinating sight. I watched them for five minutes, and then very slowly, they just disappeared. The only thing I thought it could have been was three high-flying aircraft. If that is not the case, then I have no idea, and the only other thing I can think of is in fact that they were UFOs." Belfast International Airport's air traffic control received calls from people (including the Coastguard) who spotted the objects, but the airport reported no aircraft in the area during the time of the sightings. A company called UFO Balloons later claimed their product was responsible for the events. One month later two similar aircraft were sighted over Buela, Colorado.
2007-05-27 Chilliwack, British Columbia Canada Dave Francis and Kelly McDonald witnessed a UFO over UCFV campus. Francis said, "I really think it was a UFO. I don’t really care if anybody else believes me ... it was the craziest thing I ever saw. Whatever it was, they were moving from place to place as a unit [and then] just faded away." McDonald said, "I know that I saw something that wasn’t from here. I’ve never seen anything move that way. It wasn’t birds. [As the UFO approached] it broke apart into 20 or more of these little spheres ... birds don’t dive-bomb in at each other."
2007-05-28 Bangalore India Afzal Khan told CNN IBN that he photographed a UFO, "Today (Monday) at around 9 pm (IST), I and my brothers saw a bright, slow-moving object which looked like a group of lights moving in a triangular formation in the sky towards west/north-west direction. This object was definitely not an aeroplane as it was moving very slowly. We observed the object from around 9 pm until 9.30 pm before it disappeared into the distance. During this time we managed to take some pictures with my camera. The astronomical/space/science departments of any activity in the sky during the above time can be confirmed. We live in Jayanagar area of Bangalore. Another thing that we noticed during this time was an aircraft that took-off from Bangalore Airport was flying very close to this object. It is possible that the pilot of that aircraft could have spotted this object as well."
2007-07-23 Warwickshire, England United Kingdom Crowd of 100 persons saw a formation of strange lights in the sky for 30 minutes.
2007-09-15 Double mothership sighting Nassau Bahamas Event took place around 8 pm, two huge motherships in front of the moon, then suddenly vanish one after the next.
2007-09-25 Kodiak Island UFO, 2007 Kodiak, Alaska United States On September 25, 2007, around 6:45 am., a bright red light was flying fast over the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska. Within seconds, it travelled to Kodiak Island air space, over 300 miles away. Many people claim to have seen it descend behind a mountain. Local troopers and Coast Guard personnel went to investigate the UFO but no signs were found.
2007-10-30 Calcutta India Many people claimed to see a UFO near Eastern Metropolitan Bypass, Calcutta. It was also recorded by an amateur videographer. It was like a ball of light which some time hovered, sometimes moved very fast and changed shape and size. The video was broadcasted on local news channels.
2007-11-08 Larnaca Cyprus UFO reported to have come from the coast inland near a village called Catalkoy in small and rapid zigzags, then stopped and hovered for approximately 30 seconds before making a smooth ascent at 45 degrees east. Many witnesses have reported such events to a local newspaper.
2008-01-01 San Diego, California United States Nine separate lights were spotted moving in an arc formation across the sky at around half past midnight on New Years Day. Around the globe, many people are said to have reported the same exact lights in the sky. A later Fox News San Diego report by anchor Jim Patten showed these lights to be Chinese New Year floating Lanterns. On February 16, 2008, two individuals reported seeing a large, pulsing orb of light hovering in place above Miramar Air Base.
2008-01-08, 2008-01-13, 2008-01-14, 2008-01-15, 2008-01-18, 2008-01-19, 2008-01-20, 2008-02-02, 2008-02-09 Stephenville, Texas UFO sightings Stephenville, Texas, Dublin, Texas, Crawford, Texas United States UFOs were, and still are, sometimes reported in this area. One was an object that was 1 mile (1.6 km) by 1.5 miles (2.4 km) in size. It was spotted over the Bush Ranch in Crawford, Texas. The Air Force has identified the objects as training fighter jets that had not been reported because of an "internal communications problem between offices at the base."
May–September, 2008 2008 Turkey UFO Sightings Istanbul Turkey Over a four month span in 2008, a night guard at the Yeni Kent Compound videotaped one or more unidentified flying objects over Turkey at nighttime. Many witnesses confirmed the two and a half hours' worth of video, leading the Sirius UFO Space Science Research Center to dub it the "most important images of a UFO ever filmed".
2008-05-14 Needles, California United States A flaming object crashed near the Colorado river. Several witnesses claim to have seen five helicopters picking up the strange object after 17 minutes and heading into direction of Las Vegas.
2008-06-20 Wales UFO sightings Different cities, Wales United Kingdom After it was reported in the media that a police helicopter was almost hit by a UFO and that it tried to pursue it, hundreds of people reported to have witnessed a UFO on the same day or during the preceding days, in different areas of Wales.
2008-06-21 Moscow UFO sightings Moscow Russia Different people and media (including state-owned) reported sightings of 11 orange UFOs. A US blogger reported seeing the same phenomenon.[69] Also see YouTube video: [70]. Further confirmation came from Saint Petersburg and Novosibirsk. On June 25 a similar report, now with 13 objects, was claimed in the UK.
2008-06-29 Michael Madden Weston-super-Mare, Somerset United Kingdom Royal Navy aircraft engineer Michael Madden watched a UFO hover above the M5 motorway near Weston-super-Mare for around three minutes before it disappeared at high speed. Madden described the UFO as looking "like alien aircraft in the films".

Alien Metals

This crystalline metal substance presented to Professor Marcel Vogel, a specialist in analysis of energy in Crystals was analyzed and found to be of a compostition which was completely baffling. He (professor Vogel) stated that he as a scientist was unable to gabricate this substance, and that at a magnification of 2500 times, found the metal to be also crystalline in structure, and containing almost all the elements bound together, however somehow remaining separate in their individuality.
He concluded this substance to be real in it's claim from Billy Meier to have been recieved from an Alien race of beings (Pleiadians)

Marcel Joseph Vogel (1917 - 1991) was a research scientist for IBM’s San Jose facility for 27 years. He received numerous patents for his inventions during this time. Among these was the magnetic coating for the 24” hard disc drive systems still in use. His areas of expertise were phosphor technology, liquid crystal systems, luminescence, and magnetics.

In the 1970’s Marcel did pioneering work in man-plant communication experiments. This led him to the study of quartz crystals and the creation of a faceted crystal that is now known as the Vogel-cut® crystal. The Vogel-cut® crystal is an instrument that serves to store, amplify, convert, and cohere subtle energies.

Marcel’s research into the therapeutic application of quartz crystals led him to the investigation of the relationship between crystals and water. He discovered that he could structure water by spinning it around a tuned crystal, altering many of the characteristics of the water and converting it into an information storage system.



Sources; www.vogelcrystals.net